Approximately 100,000 Americans are waiting an organ transplant. The vast majority will are awaiting a a kidney - that, on average, will take five years. Approximately 20 Americans die every day awaiting an organ. These and related statistics rank the US well below other developed countries. For example, only 30% of US kidney failure patients have a functioning transplant and only 3% have received a preemptive transplant. For these reasons CMS recently announced three kidney disease demonstrations: the ESRD Treatment Choices demonstration that began this past January 1st; and, the Kidney Care First and the Comprehensive Kidney Care Contracting demonstrations scheduled to start this coming January 1st. These efforts aside, the the optimal solution appears to be 3D bioprinting as an avenue for generating artificial organs. The first demonstration of such occurred in 1999 when Wake Forest’s Institute for Regenerative Medicine’s implanted an bioprinted human bladder into a patient. (This interview was conducted on September 3rd.)